Technofunction

The CISC Approach:

CISC stand for “Complex Instruction Set Computing”. CISC is a CPU design techniques and makes the use of complex instruction architecture for performing the processing and execution of the tasks. The primary goal of the CISC architecture was to reduce the execution of the task in as minimum assembly language programming as possible. In order to achieve this goal the main emphasis was on the computer hardware that can understand and execute a series of the operations. It was capable to execute the several low-level operations (like memory store, load from memory) and is also capable of multi- step operations within the single instructions. So for multiplying task the CISC processor would come prepared with a specific instruction in the form of “MULT”. When the MULT was executed, the instruction will load the two values into the two separate registers, multiplies the operands, and then store the product in the appropriate register. So for multiplying two numbers the instruction used was:

MULT 4:5, 7:8

MULT is known as “complex instruction” which operates directly in memory and doesn’t any loading and storing of the functions.

Examples of the CISC instruction set architectures are System/360, PDP-11, VAX, Motorola68k and x86.

The advantages include such as that compiler has to do very little work to translate the high level instruction statement into assembly and as the length of the code is small so very little RAM memory is required to store the instructions. The main emphasis of this architecture was to put on the complex instructions directly in the hardware.

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Skype is a voip i.e. voice over internet telephony service which also provides you with the features like chat, video-voice chat, screen sharing, and calling telephone numbers at cheap call rates throughout the world almost in all the countries.

The major feature of skype is its online calling service between the PC is absolutely free and moreover has an excellent sound quality. Moreover the call rates are also very cheap.

You can install the skype on Linux as follows.

• Download the skype installation software from here .
• Change your directory to were you have saved the setup files which in our case is at Desktop of the root user.

#cd /root/Desktop

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Mozilla thunderbird is the one of the most famous free open source, cross-platform e-mail and news client developed by the Mozilla foundation.  You can easily receive mail from different mail providers on your desktop and can even store these mails on your local desktop alone. Further you can also remain updated with latest new around the globe or locally by using it. Mozilla thunderbird is just like Microsoft outlook express with only difference is that it supports both IMAP and POP3.  And also unlike outlook express it is open source and can be used equally well on various platforms including Linux. You can simply install thunderbird on Linux by downloading its package from the Mozilla’s site.

Here is a link to Mozilla thunderbird package

http://www.mozillamessaging.com/en-US/thunderbird/

After downloading the package just follow the steps to install and configure an email client

• Navigate to the directory were you have downloaded the package (thunderbird-3.1.6.tar.bz2). In our case it is on the Desktop

# cd /root/Desktop

#ls

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Data Security And Encryption In Linux

Need for Security:-

• Password/Data Sniffing.
• Data Manipulation
• Authentication Manipulation

Insecure Traditional protocols

• telnet, FTP, POP3 etc: insecure passwords
• sendmail, NFS, Nis etc: Insecure information
• rsh, rcp etc: insecure authentication

The most common security must include fully secured Networking security, secure authentication, assurance of data integrity and privacy.

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If a user forgets its password in Linux than it can easily be changed by a system administrator for the user. But what if somehow you forgot your root password and cant enter in the system as superuser(root). Now if you have a sudo permission for a user than you may change the root password through that user. But if that is not the case than you can still change your root password. This is possible by entering in the Linux server via single user mode.

Just follow the steps to reset your root password:

• Simply boot the Linux and when you get the GUI screen for booting Linux press “enter”. You should get a screen as shown below. In case you don’t have GUI version you should still get a choice of selecting the OS to boot if you have grub boot loader installed in that case simply move to next step.

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About Vuze:-
Vuze is torrent pear2pear client which helps you to download files and software’s across various torrents present world wide. You need to have an p2p client for downloading contents from any torrent. There are many torrent clients like bittorrent, utorrent and many more but Vuze is one of the far best choices for Linux and also i personally recommend it because i never faced any issue with vuze.

It is quite simple to install and use vuze on Linux just follow the steps below:-
Note:- You must have Java Runtime Environment installed already before installing Vuze.

• Simply download the software by visiting the Vuze official site http://www.vuze.com .

• Save it on Desktop or were ever you like in our case it is on Desktop.

• Follow with the steps below if you are login as root if not than precede the commands with sudo if you assingned desired priviledge.

• Open a terminal and go to the directory were you have saved the installation files in our case it is on desktop so

# cd /root/Desktop

# ls

Vuze_Installer.tar.bz2      (This is the installation file for vuze which will be saved on your desktop)

• To run this .tar.bz2 file use the following command:-
  .

  # tar -jxvf filename.tar.bz2
  in this case it is
  # tar -jxvf Vuze_Installer.tar.bz2
  

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If you download a file in .iso extension its an image file of the orginal File. You need to write it to a CD/DVD. But you can directly extract its files without the need of writing it out to a CD/DVD. For this consider the following scenario:

Suppose we have a file named file.iso on Desktop and we need to see all the files under it and even need to copy a file named Server to directory /etc. First login as root or you can even use sudo command if you have been alloted the priviledges:

• You need to mount the image first so consider creating a iso directory under /mnt with following command

# mkdir /mnt/iso

• Next mount the image file to this directory

# mount -o /root/Desktop/file.iso /mnt/iso

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Vlc or Video Lan is one of the most popular and famous media player which supports almost all types of files including for DVDs, VCDs, Audio CDs, web streams, TV cards and much more. So it eliminates the need of keeping too many codecs since all the codecs are built in already in the Video Lan. One more distinguishable advantage of vlc is that it can detect and repair damage file for you which it does on demand. You can check for all the supported formats on there site.

To install the Vlc on Redhat, CentOS, Fedora simply use the below listed methods.

• Login as root
• # rpm -ivh http://apt.sw.be/redhat/el5/en/x86_64/RPMS.dag/rpmforge-release-0.3.6-1.el5.rf.$(uname -i).rpm
• # rpm --import http://dag.wieers.com/rpm/packages/RPM-GPG-KEY.dag.txt

• You also need to install yum-priorities, which is available in the CentOS v5 / 4 repositories:

#yum -y install yum-priorities

#yum check-update (the following command to test new repo)

# yum install vlc*

Yum will download all the dependencies and relevant files which are needed for using the vlc

• For installing vlc use RPM Fusion for F9, F10 and F11 (available for x86, x86_64, ppc and ppc64). You need to install rpmfusion-free-release-stable.noarch.rpm for F9, F10 and F-11.

# rpm -ivh http://download1.rpmfusion.org/free/fedora/rpmfusion-free-release-stable.noarch.rpm
# yum install vlc
# yum install mozilla-vlc (optionnal)

However, note that you might not be able to use the vlc player as root user this is because of the safety measures so just login as a user to play the media files.